# Unix timestamp konverter

> Pretvorite UNIX timestamp u datum i vrijeme i obrnuto. Prikazuje trenutni timestamp, lokalno vrijeme, UTC i relativno vrijeme. Besplatno.

URL: https://acrafto.com/bs/unix-timestamp-konverter/

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## UNIX Timestamp Konverter (online pretvarač UNIX vremena)

Ovaj **UNIX timestamp konverter** omogućava vam brzo pretvaranje **UNIX vremena (epoch time / POSIX time)** u **datum i vrijeme** i obrnuto. Podržava **timestamp u sekundama i milisekundama**, prikazuje **lokalno vrijeme**, **UTC** i **ISO 8601**, a rezultati se mogu **kopirati** jednim klikom.

---

## Šta je UNIX timestamp (epoch time / POSIX time)?

**UNIX timestamp** je broj koji izražava vrijeme kao **broj sekundi od 1. januara 1970. 00:00:00 UTC** (tzv. **UNIX epoha**). U praksi, to je jedan od najčešće korištenih formata za pohranu i prijenos datuma i vremena u sistemima, bazama podataka, API-jima i logiranju.

**Primjer:** `1700000000` odgovara datumu **14\. novembra 2023. 22:13:20 UTC**.

### Zašto baš 1. 1. 1970.?

Početak epohe (1970-01-01) je odabran prilikom dizajniranja UNIX-a kao praktična referentna tačka: blizu je perioda nastanka sistema i omogućava jednostavne kalkulacije vremena.

---

## UNIX timestamp u sekundama vs. milisekundama

UNIX timestamp se najčešće pojavljuje u dva oblika:

| Format timestampa | Primjer | Tipična upotreba |
| --- | ---: | --- |
| **Sekunde (s)** | `1700000000` | baze podataka, backend, API, datoteke |
| **Milisekunde (ms)** | `1700000000000` | JavaScript (`Date.now()`), analitika, detaljni logovi |

**Kako znati šta imate?**

- **Sekunde** obično imaju **10 cifara** za „današnje“ datume.
- **Milisekunde** obično imaju **13 cifara** i otprilike su **1000 puta veće**.
- Orijentaciono: ako je vrijednost **\> 10¹²**, skoro sigurno se radi o **milisekundama**.

---

## Kako koristiti UNIX timestamp konverter

### 1) Timestamp → Datum i vrijeme

1. Umetnite **UNIX timestamp** u polje ili kliknite na **Sada** (trenutno UNIX vrijeme).
2. Ako je timestamp u **milisekundama**, aktivirajte opciju **Milisekunde**.
3. Kliknite na **Pretvori** (ili pritisnite Enter).
4. Prikazat će se pretvorba u **lokalno vrijeme**, **UTC** i **ISO 8601**.
5. Klikom na rezultat **kopirate ga u međuspremnik**.

### 2) Datum i vrijeme → Timestamp

1. Odaberite **datum i vrijeme** u obrascu.
2. Kliknite na **Pretvori**.
3. Rezultat ćete dobiti kao **timestamp u sekundama i milisekundama**.

---

## Gdje se UNIX timestamp najčešće koristi?

UNIX vrijeme ćete susresti praktično svugdje gdje se radi sa vremenom u IT-u:

- **Baze podataka** – pohranjivanje vremena i poređenje u MySQL, PostgreSQL, SQLite itd.
- **API** – REST/GraphQL često vraća vrijeme kao timestamp (laka serijalizacija).
- **Logovi i nadzor** – precizno sortiranje događaja po vremenu.
- **Git** – commiti sadrže vremenske podatke.
- **Sistemi datoteka** – vremena kao mtime/ctime/atime (posljednja izmjena itd.).
- **JWT** – `iat` (issued at) i `exp` (expires) claimovi su tipično u epoch sekundama.
- **Linux/Unix shell** – `date +%s` vraća trenutni timestamp.
- **JavaScript** – `Date.now()` vraća vrijeme u **milisekundama**.

---

## Praktični primjeri pretvaranja UNIX vremena

### JavaScript (timestamp ↔ datum)

```
// Trenutni UNIX timestamp u sekundama
const tsSeconds = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);

// Trenutni timestamp u milisekundama
const tsMs = Date.now();

// Timestamp (s) -> datum
const dateFromSeconds = new Date(1700000000 * 1000);
console.log(dateFromSeconds.toISOString());

// Datum -> timestamp (s)
const ts = Math.floor(new Date("2024-01-01T00:00:00Z").getTime() / 1000);
console.log(ts);
```

### Python (timestamp ↔ datetime)

```
import time
from datetime import datetime, timezone

# Trenutni timestamp u sekundama
ts = int(time.time());

# Timestamp -> datetime (UTC)
dt_utc = datetime.fromtimestamp(1700000000, tz=timezone.utc)

# Datum -> timestamp
ts2 = int(datetime(2024, 1, 1, tzinfo=timezone.utc).timestamp())
```

### SQL (MySQL)

```
-- Trenutni UNIX timestamp (s)
SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP();

-- Timestamp -> datum
SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME(1700000000);

-- Datum -> timestamp
SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP('2024-01-01 00:00:00');
```

---

## Vremenske zone: UTC, lokalno vrijeme i ISO 8601

**UNIX timestamp je uvijek u UTC** – ne sadrži informaciju o vremenskoj zoni niti o ljetnom računanju vremena. Pretvorba u lokalno vrijeme zavisi od postavki preglednika, servera ili korištene biblioteke.

Pojmovi koje je korisno znati:

- **UTC** – globalni standard bez ljetnog/zimskog vremena.
- **GMT** – za uobičajenu upotrebu praktično identično sa UTC.
- **Offset** – pomak u odnosu na UTC (npr. Sarajevo **UTC+1** zimi, **UTC+2** ljeti).

---

## Ograničenja UNIX timestampa i Problem 2038. godine

### Problem 2038. godine (Year 2038 Problem)

Na nekim **32-bitnim sistemima** timestamp se pohranjuje kao `int32` sa maksimumom od **2 147 483 647**, što odgovara **19\. januaru 2038. 03:14:07 UTC**. Nakon prekoračenja može doći do prelijevanja i pogrešnog vremena. Moderni **64-bitni** sistemi obično nemaju ovaj problem.

### Raspon 64-bitnog UNIX vremena

64-bitne vrijednosti pokrivaju izuzetno širok period (u praksi „zauvijek“). Negativne vrijednosti znače datum **prije 1. 1. 1970.**

---

## FAQ – česta pitanja o UNIX timestampu

### Da li je UNIX timestamp u UTC ili u lokalnom vremenu?

UNIX timestamp je uvijek u **UTC**. Lokalno vrijeme nastaje tek pri pretvaranju, u zavisnosti od vremenske zone. Konverter stoga obično prikazuje i UTC i lokalno vrijeme.

### Kako prepoznati da li je timestamp u sekundama ili milisekundama?

Za trenutno vrijeme, timestamp u **sekundama** obično ima **10 cifara**. U **milisekundama** obično ima **13 cifara** i otprilike je **1000 puta veći**. Orijentaciono: vrijednost **\> 10¹²** su obično milisekunde.

### Šta znači negativan UNIX timestamp?

Negativan timestamp predstavlja datum **prije 1. 1. 1970.**. Naprimjer, `-1` odgovara **31\. 12. 1969. 23:59:59 UTC**.

### Kako pretvoriti UNIX timestamp u SQL-u?

U MySQL-u koristite `FROM_UNIXTIME(timestamp)` i nazad `UNIX_TIMESTAMP(datum)`. U PostgreSQL-u je to tipično `TO_TIMESTAMP(timestamp)` i `EXTRACT(EPOCH FROM datum)`.

### Zašto UNIX epoha počinje 1. januara 1970.?

To je historijski odabrana referentna tačka iz ranih dana UNIX-a: jednostavna, praktična i blizu vremena razvoja sistema.

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